Let's have a look at the present astrophysician description of the Sun and its inner parts.

The characteristics of the Sun

First, you have to realise that the Sun is a star like any other star, the main difference being from its distance from the Earth (our planet): only 8 min at speed light (299792.5 Km/s) compared to 4.64 light-year for Proxima Centaurus the closest star.

To give you an idea of what is the Sun, I briefly recall the main characteristic numbers of the Sun:

Its radius is 6.9599e5 km (i.e 109 times the Earth's radius), and the mean Sun-Earth distance is 1 au= 1.496e8 km

Its mass is 1.989e30 kg, it's 332945 times the Earth's mass, and one thousand times Jupiter's mass, so in our solar system the Sun represent 99.8% of the total mass!!!

Its density varies from 150 g/cc (central part) down to the interstellar density about 6e-24 g/cc (i.e interplanetar density~solar wind: 3 particles/cc), but we prefer determine a more useful surface limit called the photosphere where the density is around 1e-12 g/cc. It's mean density is 1.409 g/cc (close to the water) compared to the Earth 5.517 g/cc.

Its temperature varies from 1.55e7 Kelvin (i.e 0 celsius = 273.15 Kelvin) down to its photosphere value 5800 K (we generally approximate the radiation (i.e light) of the Sun with a theoretical model called: black body radiation, a simple law (Wien's law) deduced from the black body radiation, connect the wavelenght of the radiation/light in micro-metre to the temperature in Kelvin, /\=2900/T , using the Sun's surface temperature we get /\=0.5 micro-metre, which corresponds to a yellow light, and indeed the Sun is yellow!).

Its spectral type is G2V (yellow dwarf star), its apparent magnitude is -26.8 but its absolute is +4.83.

Its average magnetic field is about 1e-4 tesla and ~0.3 tesla in sunspots.

Because of the thermonuclear origin of its energy production, the Sun (like all the stars ) exists for a long time period, about 10 billion years (for the biggest stars it can be less than 100 million), and its present age is ~4.6 Giga-years.

Its rotational period is 25 days at the equator and ~32 days at the poles, in the Milky Way (i.e our Galaxy) it moves at 220 km/s and makes a round turn in 250 million years!.